Publication List

1.Children

1.1 Ordinary Preschool Children

1.1.1 Parental challenges

1.1.1.1 Challenges

Social and economic burdens and psychological distress (Bird, 1997)

Parenting fatigue (Cooklin, Giallo, & Rose, 2012)

Inadequate parenting knowledge and skill (Gershater-Molko, Lutzker, & Wesch, 2003)

Lay foundation for children’s development (Leung, Tsang, & Heung, 2014)

The important influence of early home environment and maternal education (Leung, Tsang, & Lo, 2015)

Parenting service and research gaps (Leung, Tsang, & Kwan, 2015)

1.1.1.2 References

Bird, C. E. (1997). Gender differences in the social and economic burdens of parenting and psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59(4), 809-823.

Cooklin, A.; Giallo, R.; & Rose, N. (2012). Parental fatigue and parenting practices during early childhood: An Australian community survey. Child: care, health and development, 38(5), 654-664.

Gershater-Molko, R. M.; Lutzker, J. R.; & Wesch, D. (2003). Project SafeCare: Improving health, safety, and parenting skills in families reported for, and at-risk for child maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 18(6), 377-386.

Leung, C.; Tsang, S. K. M.; & Heung, K. (2015). The Effectiveness of Healthy Start Home Visit Program: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Research on Social Work Practice, 25(3), 322-333. doi:1049731514533390

Leung, C.; Tsang, S. K. M.; & Kwan, H. W. (2015). Efficacy of a Universal Parent Training Program (HOPE-20): Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. Research on Social Work Practice, July(17), 1-15. doi:10.1177/1049731515593810

Leung, C.; Tsang, S. K. M.; & Lo, C. (2015). Evaluation of Parent and Child Enhancement (PACE) Program: Randomized Controlled Trial. Research on Social Work Practice, 1049-7315. doi:1049731515578882

1.1.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.2 ADHD

1.2.1 Challenges

1.2.1.1 Parental challenges

Children’s lack of self-control and high requirement for parents’ involvement (Barkley, 2013)

Child behavior problems and parenting difficulties (Leung, Tsang, Ng, & Choi, 2016)

Children’s symptomatic behaviors and negative moods, and lower parenting effectiveness and quality of life (Whalen et al., 2006)

Problematic family functioning, including stress, psychopathology and parent–child conflict (Deault, 2010)

1.2.1.2 Reference sources

Barkley, R. A. (2013). Taking charge of ADHD: The complete, authoritative guide for parents. New York: Guilford press.

Deault, L. C. (2010). A systematic review of parenting in relation to the development of comorbidities and functional impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(2), 168-192.

Leung, C.; Tsang, S. K. M.; Ng, G. S. H.; & Choi, S. Y. (2016). Efficacy of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy With Chinese ADHD Children: Randomized Controlled Trial. Research on Social Work Practice, 1049731516643837.

Whalen, C. K.; Henker, B.; Jamner, L. D.; Ishikawa, S. S.; Floro, J. N.; Swindle, R.; Perwien, A. R.; & Johnston, J. A. (2006). Toward mapping daily challenges of living with ADHD: Maternal and child perspectives using electronic diaries. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(1), 111-126.

1.2.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.2.2.1 a. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

Leung, C.; Tsang, S. K. M.; & TWGHs (2015). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) service in Hong Kong: Efficacy and Effectiveness on Children with ADHD. Report on research supported by The Hong Kong Jockey Club. Hong Kong, 65 pages. 8.2015.

1.3 Autism

1.3.1 Challenges

1.3.1.1 Parental challenges

Children’s problems with social interaction, unusual behaviors and interests (Ozonoff, Dawson, & McPartland, 2002)

Parents’ discouragement and suffering, and changes in the family system (Kang, Choi, & Ju, 2016)

Impaired quality of life, parental stress, children’s seldom participating in organized activities, learning difficulty and being bullied (Lee, Harrington, Louie, & Newschaffer, 2008)

Isolation, vigilant parenting and fighting (Woodgate, Ateah, & Secco, 2008)

1.3.1.2 References

Lee, L. C.; Harrington, R. A.; Louie, B. B.; & Newschaffer, C. J. (2008). Children with autism: Quality of life and parental concerns. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 38(6), 1147-1160.

Kang, G.-Y.; Choi, C.-S.; & Ju, S.-J. (2016). Parenting Experience of Mothers with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Analysis of the Mothers’ Diaries. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(20). DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i20/94698

Ozonoff, S.; Dawson, G.; & McPartland, J. C. (2002). A parent's guide to Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism: How to meet the challenges and help your child thrive. New York: Guilford Press.

Woodgate, R. L.; Ateah, C.; & Secco, L. (2008). Living in a world of our own: The experience of parents who have a child with autism. Qualitative Health Research, 18(8), 1075-1083.

1.3.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.3.2.1 Jockey Club Autism Support Network

Please click here and read more on Jockey Club Autism Support Network

1.4 Special Learning Difficulties

1.4.1 Challenges

1.4.1.1 Parental challenges

Comprehend and advocate for their child's special needs (Hess, Molina, & Kozleski, 2006)

Children’s learning difficulties and parents’ changes in their social life, frustration, dissatisfaction and need of social resources and support (Heiman, 2002)

Parents’ need of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral adaptation to their child's condition (Barnett, Clements, Kaplan-Estrin, & Fialka, 2003)

1.4.1.2 References

Barnett, D.; Clements, M.; Kaplan-Estrin, M.; & Fialka, J. (2003). Building new dreams: Supporting parents' adaptation to their child with special needs. Infants & Young Children, 16(3), 184-200.

Heiman, T. (2002). Parents of children with disabilities: Resilience, coping, and future expectations. Journal of developmental and physical disabilities, 14(2), 159-171.

Hess, R. S.; Molina, A. M.; & Kozleski, E. B. (2006). Until somebody hears me: Parent voice and advocacy in special educational decision making. British Journal of Special Education, 33(3), 148-157.

McGill, P.; Tennyson, A.; & Cooper, V. (2006). Parents whose children with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour attend 52-week residential schools: their perceptions of services received and expectations of the future. British Journal of Social Work, 36(4), 597-616.

1.4.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.4.2.1 a. Individual Education Plans (IEP)

曾潔雯. (2005).「家校合作」個別化學習支援計畫報告 (Evaluating a School-Based Model to Develop Home-School Support Teams for Junior Primary School Students with Dyslexia).香港大學社會工作與社會行政學系.

曾潔雯. (2005).「家校同行」個別化學習支援計畫 (Towards Building an Educational and Assessment Accommodation Service Model for Children with Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) and their Families). 香港大學社會工作與社會行政學系.

1.4.2.2 b. The Happy Parenting Program for preschool children with developmental disabilities

Leung, C.; Chan, S.; Lam, T.; Yau, S.; & Tsang, S. (2016). The effect of parent education program for preschool children with developmental disabilities: A randomized controlled trial. Research in developmental disabilities, 56, 18-28.

1.4.2.3 c. Mathsbuddy

Tsang, S. K. M. (2015). Mathsbuddy website: Introduction and launching. Professional seminar conducted on May 23, 2015 at the Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong.

1.5 Intellectual Disability

1.5.1 Challenges

1.5.1.1 Challenges

Children’s problematic behavior, cognitive and functional impairment

Negative perceptions about their children, financial costs

Parenting stress, impaired psychological health, reduced quality of care, worsened interpersonal relationships

Social exclusion and isolation, stigma and restricted social life

Inadequate social support

1.5.1.2 References

Badu, E. (2016). Experiences of parents of children with intellectual disabilities in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Journal of Social Inclusion, 7(1), 20-30.

Mourya, R. K.; Singh, R. N.; & Rai, A. (2016). Stigma in the Social Life among Mothers Having Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Challenges and Suggestions. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(3), No. 11, DIP: 18.01.198/20160303

Wong, D. F. K.; Poon, A.; & Kwok, Y. C. L. (2011). The maintenance effect of cognitive–behavioural treatment groups for the Chinese parents of children with intellectual disabilities in Melbourne, Australia: a 6‐month follow‐up study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(11), 1043-1053.

1.5.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.5.2.1 a. Cognitive–Behavioural Treatment (CBT)

Wong, F. K. D.; & Poon, A. (2010). Cognitive-behavioural group treatment for Chinese parents with children with developmental disabilities in Melbourne, Australia: An efficacy study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 742-749.

Wong, F. K. D.; Lee. E.; & Cheng, S. Y. P. (2013). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for parenting stress and emotions, City University Press. (refereed, in Chinese)

1.6 Eczema

1.6.1 Challenges

1.6.1.1 Parental challenges

Eczema had adverse effect on Quality of Life (QoL) for both parents and children (Kelsay, Klinnert, & Bender, 2010)

Impact on QoL of Parents: disruption of daily routines, reduction of social activities, and poor physical health and emotional health (Ho et al., 2010)

When compared with parents taking care of children with other chronic illnesses, parents of children with eczema had higher parental stress, greater sleep disturbance and higher parental depression (Moore, David, Murray, Child, & Arkwright, 2006)

Association found between the QoL of family members and the children who suffered eczema (Dodington, Basra, Finlay, & Salek, 2013)

1.6.1.2 References

Dodington, S. R.; Basra, M. K.; Finlay, A. Y.; & Salek, M. S. (2013). The Dermatitis Family Impact questionnaire: a review of its measurement properties and clinical application. British Journal of Dermatology, 169(1), 31-46.

Ho, R. C.; Giam, Y. C.; Ng, T. P.; Mak, A.; Goh, D.; Zhang, M. W.; Cheak, A.; & Van Bever, H. P. (2010). The influence of childhood atopic dermatitis on health of mothers, and its impact on Asian families. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 21(3), 501-507.

Kelsay, K.; Klinnert, M.; & Bender, B. (2010). Addressing psychosocial aspects of atopic dermatitis. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 30(3), 385-396.

Moore, K.; David, T. J.; Murray, C. S.; Child, F.; & Arkwright, P. D. (2006). Effect of childhood eczema and asthma on parental sleep and well‐being: A prospective comparative study. British Journal of Dermatology, 154(3), 514-518.

1.6.2 Interventions for parents and the dyads

1.6.2.1 a. Impact assessment and meaning reconstruction

From vicious cycle to meaning reconstruction: Caregiving experience of parents of children with eczema

1.6.2.2 b. Body-mind-spirituality approach

“童心同行”-身心靈親子健康工作坊一

“童心同行”-身心靈親子健康工作坊二

2.Youth

2.1 Drug Prevention

2.1.1 Parental challenges

2.1.1.1 Challenges

Disturbing information for children, parents’ limitation in awareness and knowledge about drug, the tremendous impact of drug on youth and the family, parental stress and a need to improve parental efficacy (Tsang & T.W.G.H., 2009)

Changed parent–child relationship with less closeness and companion (Anderson, 2008)

Community degeneration and disorder (violence, drug use, etc.), family cohesion and parental monitoring (Kliewer et al., 2006)

Parental warmth and family acceptance to reduce adolescents’ drug use (Broman, Reckase, & Freedman-Doan, 2006)

2.1.1.2 References

Anderson, L. S. (2008). Predictors of parenting stress in a diverse sample of parents of early adolescents in high-risk communities. Nursing research, 57(5), 340.

Broman, C. L., Reckase, M. D., & Freedman-Doan, C. R. (2006). The role of parenting in drug use among black, Latino and white adolescents. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 5(1), 39-50.

Kliewer, W., Murrelle, L., Prom, E., Ramirez, M., Obando, P., Sandi, L., & del Carmen Karenkeris, M. (2006). Violence exposure and drug use in Central American youth: Family cohesion and parental monitoring as protective factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(3), 455-478.

Tsang, S.K.M. with T.W.G.H. (2009). Resources kits for providing drug prevention programs for parents 「不可一．不可再」無毒家教有妙法 - 家長禁毒教育資源套including four manuals, one DVD and one website. Commissioned by Narcotics Division, Hong Kong SAR Government. Hong Kong: Authors.

2.1.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

2.1.2.1 Relevant publications

Tsang, S.K.M. with T.W.G.Hs (2009). Engagement of parents in anti-drug work: Implementation Manual 1: Workers’ Guide [無毒管教有妙法第一冊：推行手冊 (設計理念及工作人員指引)]. Commissioned by Narcotics Division, Hong Kong SAR Government.

Tsang, S.K.M. with T.W.G.Hs (2009). Engagement of parents in anti-drug work: Implementation Manual 2: Program for parents with general youth [無毒管教有妙法第二冊：課程推行手冊【GenP】(適合子女尚未有高危行為之家長) ]. Commissioned by Narcotics Division, Hong Kong SAR Government.

Tsang, S.K.M. with T.W.G.Hs (2009). Engagement of parents in anti-drug work: Implementation Manual 3: Program for parents with at-risk youth. [無毒管教有妙法]. 第三冊：課程推行手冊【RiskP】(適合子女已有高危行為之家長)].Commissioned by Narcotics Division, Hong Kong SAR Government.

Tsang, S.K.M. with T.W.G.Hs (2009). Engagement of parents in anti-drug work: Implementation Manual 4: Program for parents with drug-taking history. [無毒管教有妙法第四冊：課程推行手冊【DrugP】(適合曾有濫藥經驗之家長)]. Commissioned by Narcotics Division, Hong Kong SAR Government.

3.Adults

3.1 Lung Cancer

3.1.1 Caregivers' challenges

3.1.1.1 Challenges

A strong sense of helplessness and hopelessness, persistent psychological distress such as anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress reactions (Carlsen et al., 2005)

Spiritual or existential concerns about death (Garlick et al., 2011)

Great burden of care, including physical care and emotional support (McLean et al., 2013)

3.1.1.2 References

Carlsen, K., Jensen, A. B., Jacobsen, E., Krasnik, M., & Johansen, C. (2005). Psychosocial aspects of lung cancer. Lung cancer, 47(3), 293-300.

Garlick, M., Wall, K., Corwin, D., & Koopman, C. (2011). Psycho-spiritual integrative therapy for women with primary breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 18(1), 78-90.

McLean, L. M., Walton, T., Rodin, G., Esplen, M. J., & Jones, J. M. (2013). A couplebased intervention for patients and caregivers facing endstage cancer: outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. PsychoOncology, 22(1), 28-38.

Williams, A. L., & McCorkle, R. (2011). Cancer family caregivers during the palliative, hospice, and bereavement phases: a review of the descriptive psychosocial literature. Palliative and Supportive Care, 9(03), 315-325.

3.1.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

3.1.2.1 a. Integrative Body-Mind-Spirit (IBMS) Approach

全港首個專為肺癌患者及家屬照顧者而設的「肺癌鬥士課程」

3.2 Mixed Cancer

3.2.1 Caregivers' challenges

3.2.1.1 Challenges

Suffering stress, anxiety and depression (Cameron, Franche, Cheung, & Stewart, 2002) and poor physical health (Oyebode, 2003)

Sleep disturbance (Zhang, Yao, Yang, & Zhou, 2014), interference in daily life and health-promoting behaviors (Beesley et al., 2011)

Financial burdens (Northouse, Williams, Given, & McCorkle, 2012)

Reduced health-related quality of life (Vrettos et al., 2012)

The significant influence of patients’ situation (Kershaw et al., 2008)

3.2.1.2 References

Beesley, V. L., Price, M. A., Webb, P. M., Group, A. O. C. S., Study, A. O. C., & Investigators, Q. o. L. S. (2011). Loss of lifestyle: health behaviour and weight changes after becoming a caregiver of a family member diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 19(12), 1949-1956.

Cameron, J. I., Franche, R. L., Cheung, A. M., & Stewart, D. E. (2002). Lifestyle interference and emotional distress in family caregivers of advanced cancer patients. Cancer, 94(2), 521-527.

Kershaw, T. S., Mood, D. W., Newth, G., Ronis, D. L., Sanda, M. G., Vaishampayan, U., & Northouse, L. L. (2008). Longitudinal analysis of a model to predict quality of life in prostate cancer patients and their spouses. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 36(2), 117-128.

Northouse, L., Williams, A.-l., Given, B., & McCorkle, R. (2012). Psychosocial care for family caregivers of patients with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(11), 1227-1234.

Oyebode, J. (2003). Assessment of carers’ psychological needs. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 9(1), 45-53.

Vrettos, I., Kamposioras, K., Kontodimopoulos, N., Pappa, E., Georgiadou, E., Haritos, D., . . . Niakas, D. (2012). Comparing health-related quality of life of cancer patients under chemotherapy and of their caregivers. The Scientific World Journal, 2012.

Zhang, Q., Yao, D., Yang, J., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Factors influencing sleep disturbances among spouse caregivers of cancer patients in northeast China. PLoS One, 9(10), e108614.

3.2.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

3.2.2.1 a. Qigong exercise

Chan, J. S. M., Fong, T. C. T., Ho, R. T. H., So, K.-F., Lou, V. W., Wong, P. W. C., . . . Chan, C. H. Y. (in preparation). Physical activity, health-related quality of life and confidence in fighting cancer among cancer patient-family caregiver dyads: The mediating role of emotional distress.

3.3 Mental Illness or Mood Disorder

3.3.1 Caregivers' challenges

3.3.1.1 Challenges

The caree’s behavioral and emotional problems and lack of motivation (Baronet, 1999; Sales, 2003)

Caring burdens (including financial burdens), and so caused impairment in psychological health or even mental illness (Sales, 2003; Wong, 2000)

Reduced quality of life and insufficient mental health services (Lam et al., 2015; Wong, Lam, Chan, & Chan, 2012)

3.3.1.2 References

Baronet, A.-M. (1999). Factors associated with caregiver burden in mental illness: A critical review of the research literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 19(7), 819-841.

Lam, L. C.-W., Wong, C. S.-M., Wang, M.-J., Chan, W.-C., Chen, E. Y.-H., Ng, R. M.-K., . . . Chiu, H. F.-K. (2015). Prevalence, psychosocial correlates and service utilization of depressive and anxiety disorders in Hong Kong: the Hong Kong Mental Morbidity Survey (HKMMS). Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 50(9), 1379-1388.

Sales, E. (2003). Family burden and quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 12(1), 33-41.

Wong, D. F. K. (2000). Stress factors and mental health of carers with relatives suffering from schizophrenia in Hong Kong: Implications for culturally sensitive practices. British Journal of Social Work, 30(3), 365-382.

Wong, D. F. K., Lam, A. Y. K., Chan, S. K., & Chan, S. F. (2012). Quality of life of caregivers with relatives suffering from mental illness in Hong Kong: Roles of caregiver characteristics, caregiving burdens, and satisfaction with psychiatric services. Health and quality of life outcomes, 10(1), 1-9.

3.3.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

3.3.2.1 a. Brief Intervention for Psychosis

So, H.W., Chen, E.Y.H., Chan, R.C.K., Wong, C.W., Hung, S.F., Chung, D.W.S., Ng, S.M. & Chan, C.L.W. (2006). Efficacy of a Brief Intervention for Carers of People with First-episode Psychosis: a Waiting List Control Study. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 16(3), 92-100.

3.3.2.2 b. Family therapy

Tse, S., Ng, R. M., Tonsing, K. N., & Ran, M. (2012). Families and family therapy in Hong Kong. International Review of Psychiatry, 24(2), 115-120.

3.3.2.3 c. Mental Health Recovery Approach

Tse, S., & Ng, R. M. (2014). Applying a mental health recovery approach for people from diverse backgrounds: The case of collectivism and individualism paradigms. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health, 1(1), 7-13.

3.4 Schizophrenia

3.4.1 Caregivers' challenges

3.4.1.1 Challenges

Caregiving burden (Ran, Chan, Ng, Guo, & Xiang, 2015)

Destructive behavior of care recipients (Ran, Xiang, Huang, & Shan, 2001)

Limited professional service and poor medication adherence (Ran et al., 2003)

High rates of relapse and rehospitalization (Barkhof, Meijer, de Sonneville, Linszen, & de Haan, 2012)

3.4.1.2 References

Barkhof, E., Meijer, C. J., de Sonneville, L. M., Linszen, D. H., & de Haan, L. (2012). Interventions to improve adherence to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia–a review of the past decade. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 9-18.

Ran, M.-S., Chan, C.-W., Ng, S.-M., Guo, L.-T., & Xiang, M.-Z. (2015). The effectiveness of psychoeducational family intervention for patients with schizophrenia in a 14-year follow-up study in a Chinese rural area. Psychological medicine, 45(10), 2197-2204.

Ran, M.-S., Xiang, M.-Z., Chan, C. L.-W., Leff, J., Simpson, P., Huang, M.-S., . . . Li, S.-G. (2003). Effectiveness of psychoeducational intervention for rural Chinese families experiencing schizophrenia. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 38(2), 69-75.

Ran, M.-S., Xiang, M., Huang, M., & Shan, Y. (2001). Natural course of schizophrenia: 2-year follow-up study in a rural Chinese community. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 154-158.

3.4.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

3.4.2.1 a. Psychoeducational family intervention

4.Older Adults

4.1 Dementia

4.1.1 Caregivers' challenges

4.1.1.1 Challenges

Disease burden (mortality and disability) and economic cost (Alzheimer’s Disease International, & Alzheimer’s Australia, 2014)

Confusion regarding diagnosis, emotional impact, problem behaviour of the care recipient, demanding care needs, and role conflicts (Chan, Mok, Wong, Pang, & Chiu, 2010)

Caregiver stress and burden (Torti Jr, Gwyther, Reed, Friedman, & Schulman, 2004)

Verbal abuse (Yan & Kwok, 2011)

4.1.1.2 References

Alzheimer’s Disease International, & Alzheimer’s Australia. (2014). Dementia in the Asia Pacific Region. Retrieved from https://www.alz.co.uk/adi/pdf/Dementia-Asia-Pacific-2014.pdf

Chan WC, Mok CC, Wong FL, Pang SL, Chiu HF. Lived Experience of Caregivers of Persons with Dementia in Hong Kong: a Qualitative Study. East Asian Arch Psychiatry 2010; 20:163-168.

Torti Jr, F. M., Gwyther, L. P., Reed, S. D., Friedman, J. Y., & Schulman, K. A. (2004). A multinational review of recent trends and reports in dementia caregiver burden. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 18(2), 99-109.

Yan E, Kwok T. Abuse of older Chinese with dementia by family caregivers: an inquiry into the role of caregiver burden. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26:527-535.

4.1.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

4.1.2.1 a. Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health II (REACH II) -Multicomponent intervention

Cheung, K. S. L., Lau, B. H. P., Wong, P. W. C., Leung, A. Y. M., Lou, V. W., Chan, G. M. Y., & Schulz, R. (2015). Multicomponent intervention on enhancing dementia caregiver well‐being and reducing behavioral problems among Hong Kong Chinese: A translational study based on REACH II. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(5), 460-469.

4.2 Disabilities or Chronic Diseases

4.2.1 Caregivers' challenges

4.2.1.1 Challenges

Multiple needs of care recipients and high risks in the environment (Lou, 2014)

Financial burden and physical and mental health impairments among caregivers (Shewchuk & Elliott, 2000)

Caregiving stress and impaired quality of life (Lim & Zebrack, 2004)

4.2.1.2 References

Lim, J.-w., & Zebrack, B. (2004). Caring for family members with chronic physical illness: A critical review of caregiver literature. Health and quality of life outcomes, 2(1), 1.

Lou, V. W. Q. (2014). Case management in community-based long-term care: Good practices and challenges in Hong Kong. In N. K. Fong & K. W. Tong (Eds.), Community care in Hong Kong: Current practices, practice-research studies, and future directions. Hong Kong: City University Press.

Shewchuk, R., & Elliott, T. R. (2000). Family caregiving in chronic disease and disability. In R. G. Frank & T. R. Elliott (Eds.), Handbook of rehabilitation psychology (pp. 553-563). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

4.2.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

4.2.2.1 a. Case management

4.3 End-of-life Care

4.3.1 Caregivers' challenges

4.3.1.1 Challenges

Five burdens of family caregiving (time and logistics, physical tasks, financial costs, emotional burdens, and physical and mental health risks) (Rabow, Hauser, & Adams, 2004)

Negative physical, emotional, psychological and social outcomes for caregivers (Funk et al., 2010)

Preparation for death and bereavement (Chan, Tin, Chan, Chan, & Tang, 2010)

4.3.1.2 References

Chan, W. C., Tin, A. F., Chan, C. H., Chan, C. L., & Tang, A. C. (2010). Introducing the 8A model in death education training: Promoting planning for end-of-life care for Hong Kong Chinese. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 18(1), 49-62.

Funk, L., Stajduhar, K., Toye, C., Aoun, S., Grande, G., & Todd, C. (2010). Part 2: Home-based family caregiving at the end of life: a comprehensive review of published qualitative research (1998-2008). Palliative medicine, 24(6), 594-607.

Rabow, M. W., Hauser, J. M., & Adams, J. (2004). Supporting family caregivers at the end of life: They don't know what they don't know. Jama, 291(4), 483-491.

4.3.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

4.3.2.1 a. 8A model in death education training

4.4 Stroke

4.4.1 Caregivers' challenges

4.4.1.1 Challenges

Emotional uncertainty of care recipients and information and skill training needs (Greenwood, Mackenzie, Cloud, & Wilson, 2009)

Care recipients’ behavioral and psychological symptoms and caregivers’ emotional distress (Cameron, Cheung, Streiner, Coyte, & Stewart, 2011)

Objective and subjective caregiving burden and health risks (Van Exel, Koopmanschap, van den Berg, Brouwer, & Van den Bos, 2005)

Insufficient home care services (Levine et al., 2006)

4.4.1.2 References

Cameron, J. I., Cheung, A. M., Streiner, D. L., Coyte, P. C., & Stewart, D. E. (2011). Stroke survivor depressive symptoms are associated with family caregiver depression during the first 2 years poststroke. Stroke, 42(2), 302-306.

Greenwood, N., Mackenzie, A., Cloud, G. C., & Wilson, N. (2009). Informal primary carers of stroke survivors living at home–challenges, satisfactions and coping: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Disability and rehabilitation, 31(5), 337-351.

Levine, C., Albert, S. M., Hokenstad, A., Halper, D. E., Hart, A. Y., & Gould, D. A. (2006). “This case is closed”: family caregivers and the termination of home health care services for stroke patients. Milbank Quarterly, 84(2), 305-331.

Van Exel, N., Koopmanschap, M., van den Berg, B., Brouwer, W., & Van den Bos, G. (2005). Burden of informal caregiving for stroke patients. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 19(1), 11-17.

1.Children

1.1 Ordinary Preschool Children

1.1.1 Parental challenges

1.1.1.1 Challenges

1.1.1.2 References

1.1.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.1.2.1 a. HOPE-20 (children: 2 years old)

1.1.2.2 b. HOPE (children: 3-5 years old)

1.1.2.3 c. PACE (children: 2 years old)

1.1.2.4 d. Healthy Start Home Visit Program (children: 3-5 years old)

1.1.2.5 e. PCIT (children: 2-7 years old)

1.1.2.6 f. Positive psychology and Pre-school parent education

1.1.2.7 g. Happy Parenting

1.1.2.8 h. Fun to learn for young children (FLY)

1.1.2.9 i. The Health Empowerment Programme

1.2 ADHD

1.2.1 Challenges

1.2.1.1 Parental challenges

1.2.1.2 Reference sources

1.2.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.2.2.1 a. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

1.3 Autism

1.3.1 Challenges

1.3.1.1 Parental challenges

1.3.1.2 References

1.3.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.3.2.1 Jockey Club Autism Support Network

1.4 Special Learning Difficulties

1.4.1 Challenges

1.4.1.1 Parental challenges

1.4.1.2 References

1.4.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.4.2.1 a. Individual Education Plans (IEP)

1.4.2.2 b. The Happy Parenting Program for preschool children with developmental disabilities

1.4.2.3 c. Mathsbuddy

1.5 Intellectual Disability

1.5.1 Challenges

1.5.1.1 Challenges

1.5.1.2 References

1.5.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

1.5.2.1 a. Cognitive–Behavioural Treatment (CBT)

1.6 Eczema

1.6.1 Challenges

1.6.1.1 Parental challenges

1.6.1.2 References

1.6.2 Interventions for parents and the dyads

1.6.2.1 a. Impact assessment and meaning reconstruction

1.6.2.2 b. Body-mind-spirituality approach

2.Youth

2.1 Drug Prevention

2.1.1 Parental challenges

2.1.1.1 Challenges

2.1.1.2 References

2.1.2 Interventions for parents or the dyads

2.1.2.1 Relevant publications

3.Adults

3.1 Lung Cancer

3.1.1 Caregivers' challenges

3.1.1.1 Challenges

3.1.1.2 References

3.1.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

3.1.2.1 a. Integrative Body-Mind-Spirit (IBMS) Approach

3.2 Mixed Cancer

3.2.1 Caregivers' challenges

3.2.1.1 Challenges

3.2.1.2 References

3.2.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

3.2.2.1 a. Qigong exercise

3.3 Mental Illness or Mood Disorder

3.3.1 Caregivers' challenges

3.3.1.1 Challenges

3.3.1.2 References

3.3.2 Interventions for family caregivers or the care dyads

3.3.2.1 a. Brief Intervention for Psychosis

3.3.2.2 b. Family therapy

3.3.2.3 c. Mental Health Recovery Approach

3.4 Schizophrenia

3.4.1 Caregivers' challenges

3.4.1.1 Challenges

3.4.1.2 References